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Astrocytes: Lessons Learned from the Cuprizone Model.
Int J Mol Sci
November 2023
Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
A diverse array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, exhibit distinct myelin abnormalities at both the molecular and histological levels. These aberrations are closely linked to dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and alterations in myelin structure, which may be pivotal factors contributing to the disconnection of brain regions and the resulting characteristic clinical impairments observed in these conditions. Astrocytes, which significantly outnumber neurons in the central nervous system by a five-to-one ratio, play indispensable roles in the development, maintenance, and overall well-being of neurons and oligodendrocytes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAstrocytic modulation of neuronal signalling.
Front Netw Physiol
June 2023
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
Neuronal signalling is a key element in neuronal communication and is essential for the proper functioning of the CNS. Astrocytes, the most prominent glia in the brain play a key role in modulating neuronal signalling at the molecular, synaptic, cellular, and network levels. Over the past few decades, our knowledge about astrocytes and their functioning has evolved from considering them as merely a brain glue that provides structural support to neurons, to key communication elements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRole of Senescent Astrocytes in Health and Disease.
Int J Mol Sci
May 2023
San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
For many decades after their discovery, astrocytes, the abundant glial cells of the brain, were believed to work as a glue, supporting the structure and metabolic functions of neurons. A revolution that started over 30 years ago revealed many additional functions of these cells, including neurogenesis, gliosecretion, glutamate homeostasis, assembly and function of synapses, neuronal metabolism with energy production, and others. These properties have been confirmed, limited however, to proliferating astrocytes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExcitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility.
Elife
December 2021
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
Neural activity has been implicated in the motility and outgrowth of glial cell processes throughout the central nervous system. Here, we explore this phenomenon in Müller glia, which are specialized radial astroglia that are the predominant glial type of the vertebrate retina. Müller glia extend fine filopodia-like processes into retinal synaptic layers, in similar fashion to brain astrocytes and radial glia that exhibit perisynaptic processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF"Tripartite Synapses" in Taste Buds: A Role for Type I Glial-like Taste Cells.
J Neurosci
December 2021
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
Article Synopsis
- Type I cells in taste buds make up about half the cell population and have been largely understudied in terms of their function.
- Research using GCaMP3 mice revealed that Type I cells respond to ATP but not to serotonin or direct taste stimuli, indicating their role in chemosensory activation.
- The study suggests that Type I cells contribute to taste signaling by responding to ATP released by Type II cells, potentially acting similarly to glial cells in the central nervous system.
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