When the same subjects or laboratory animals are observed across a set of different conditions or over time, we are usually interested in studying change. In these study designs, each subject serves as its own control. In this chapter, we consider different ways to assess change over time, for example, analyses for evaluating changes from a baseline condition. Study designs and analyses for single group studies and studies with two groups are discussed in detail. Examples come from published data. Statistical methods used in the examples include paired t-tests and analysis of covariance. The use of difference scores is discussed relative to analysis of covariance.
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