Management and pharmacotherapy of chronic pain syndromes including opioid pharmacotherapy.

Emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in the treatment and management of patients with chronic pain syndromes (CPS), this article reviews, first, nonpharmacologic approaches and modalities for CPS patients, and next, pharmacologic approaches for CPS patients. Flexibility and the use of multiple modalities are emphasized. The article concludes with the controversial subject of the use of long-term analgesic opioid pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic benign pain syndromes.