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Exosite crosstalk in thrombin.

J Thromb Haemost

January 2025

Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences.

Thrombin is the central mediator of hemostasis, where it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, activates upstream factors to promote coagulation, activates factor XIII and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor to stabilize fibrin, mediates anticoagulation, and modulates cellular activity via cell surface receptors. Thus, regulation of thrombin activity is essential to the hemostatic balance. Thrombin is regulated by positively charged surface domains that surround the active site.

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Thrombomodulin (TM) expressed on endothelial cells regulates coagulation. Specific nonsense variants in the TM gene, THBD, result in high soluble TM levels causing rare bleeding disorder. In contrast, though THBD variants have been associated with venous thromboembolism, this association remains controversial.

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The body weight-based thrombolytic medication strategy in clinical trials shows critical defects in recanalization rate and post-thrombolysis hemorrhage. Methods for perceiving thrombi heterogeneity of thrombolysis resistance is urgently needed for precise thrombolysis. Here, we revealed the relationship between the thrombin heterogeneity and the thrombolysis resistance in thrombi and created an artificial biomarker-based nano-patrol system with robotic functional logic to perceive and report the thrombolysis resistance of thrombi.

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Background:  Fibrinolysis is spatiotemporally well-regulated and greatly influenced by activated platelets and coagulation activity. Our previous real-time imaging analyses revealed that clotting commences on activated platelet surfaces, resulting in uneven-density fibrin structures, and that fibrinolysis initiates in dense fibrin regions and extends to the periphery. Despite the widespread clinical use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), their impact on thrombin-dependent activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and fibrinolysis remains unclear.

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Prostaglandins are naturally occurring local mediators that can participate in the modulation of the cardiovascular system through their interaction with Gs/Gi-coupled receptors in different tissues and cells, including platelets. Thrombin is one of the most important factors that regulates platelet reactivity and coagulation. Clinical trials have consistently shown that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation lowers the risk for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.

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