When Ernst Haeckel was buried in Jena on February 12th, 1919, some of his supporters and followers were allowed to make speeches. One of them was the sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, although he had entered the German-Monist-Club only six years after its foundation in 1906. He became one of the most important monists, because he worked in the fields of sexuality and eugenics, and was head of discourse for many years. But he imported some ideas of his colleagues for his own studies, especially the neolamarckism. The failure of this theory had decisive consequences for monism and sexology, as well.
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[The first successful sex reassignment surgery: Magnus, Dora and the Institute of Sexology, Berlin in 1931].
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Strasbourg, Paris, France. Electronic address:
Magnus Hirschfeld was a brilliant German doctor campaigning for the decriminalization and destigmatization of homosexuality. During the very liberal Weimar Republic (1918-1933) he published his avant-garde articles, he created his Institute of Sexual Sciences (Institut für Sexualwissenschaft), where the first published transgender surgery took place, performed on Dora Richter in 1931 (we will be interested in this first report of successful intervention) and multiplied the interventions to abolish paragraph 175, penalizing "sodomy". Ultimately the rise of Nazism forced him to flee his country and end his life in France.
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The development of sexual medicine starts in Europe in parallel to the evolving clinical specialties urology, venerology, gynecology, neurology/psychiatry, and internal medicine at the end of the 19th century in Berlin. For this reason, we find many examples of fruitful collaboration but also in segregation from each other in defining the new specialties. Max Marcuse, the only one of the well-known Berlin specialists Ivan Bloch, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Albert Moll to survive the Holocaust, was able to publish articles in Palestine and Israel from the 1930s to the 1960s.
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