Earthquakes, whatever their size, can trigger other earthquakes. Mainshocks cause aftershocks to occur, which in turn activate their own local aftershock sequences, resulting in a cascade of triggering that extends the reach of the initial mainshock. A long-lasting difficulty is to determine which earthquakes are connected, either directly or indirectly. Here we show that this causal structure can be found probabilistically, with no a priori model nor parameterization. Large regional earthquakes are found to have a short direct influence in comparison to the overall aftershock sequence duration. Relative to these large mainshocks, small earthquakes collectively have a greater effect on triggering. Hence, cascade triggering is a key component in earthquake interactions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1148783 | DOI Listing |
J Mater Chem B
January 2025
State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
The construction of selectively activated prodrugs serves as a crucial strategy for reducing the adverse effects associated with disease treatment. Cascade self-assembled visual prodrugs have been applied to the construction of selective activated prodrugs with low background interference and fluorescence. In this work, we rationally designed an anticancer theranostic prodrug (CM-PPT) consisting of an anticancer drug podophyllotoxin, a fluorescent dye precursor, and an HO trigger boronate ester group, which could be activated by HO oxidation, thereby releasing active anticancer molecules and forming fluorescent fragments concurrently.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
January 2025
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Givat Ram Campus: Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Edmond J Safra Campus, Institute of Chemistry, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, ISRAEL.
A method to photomodulate dynamically transient DNA-based reaction circuits and networks is introduced. The method relies on the integration of photoresponsive o-nitrobenzyl-phosphate ester-caged DNA hairpin with a "mute" reaction module. Photodeprotection (λ = 365 nm) of the hairpin structure separates a fuel strand triggering the dynamic, transient, operation of the DNA circuit/network.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurosci Biobehav Rev
January 2025
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gurugram University (A State Govt. University), Gurugram, Haryana, India. Electronic address:
Plexins are a family of transmembrane receptors known for their diverse roles in neural development, axon guidance, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and circuit formation. Semaphorins are a class of secreted and membrane proteins that act as primary ligands for plexin receptors. Semaphorins play a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) development by regulating processes such as axonal growth, neuronal positioning, and synaptic connectivity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Colloid Interface Sci
December 2024
School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China. Electronic address:
Developing a catalytic nanoenzyme activated by the tumor microenvironment (TME) shows excellent potential for in situ cancer treatment. However, the rational design of a cascade procedure to achieve high therapeutic efficiency remains challenging. In this study, the colorectal TME-responsive multifunctional cascade nanoenzyme CuO@MnO@glucose oxidase (GOx)@hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed to target in situ cancer starvation/chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Pharm
January 2025
School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly regarded as an attractive approach for cancer treatment due to its advantages of low invasiveness, minimal side effects, and high efficiency. Here, two novel Ru(II) complexes , were designed and synthesized by coordinating phenanthroline and biquinoline ligands with Ru(II) center, and their chemo-photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy were explored. Both and exhibited significant phototoxicity against A549 and 4T1 tumor cells type-I/-II PDT.
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