Ingestible capsule for impedance and pH monitoring in the esophagus.

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pH monitoring is an essential tool for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Simultaneous impedance and pH monitoring of the esophagus improves the detection and characterization of GERD. Conventional catheter-based monitoring systems are uncomfortable and interfere with the normal activity of the patient. To overcome these disadvantages, different wireless esophageal monitoring systems have been proposed. A capsule containing sensors for impedance and pH monitoring with wireless communication capabilities is presented. A low cost miniature microcontroller was utilized for interfacing between the sensors and a wireless transmitter. The microcontroller program allowed efficient management of the electric power provided by a 3-V battery. Magnetic holding is proposed as an alternative to surgical affixation of the monitoring capsule. Permanent neodymium magnets separated by 27 cm successfully held the capsule in a test tube. Experimental results demonstrated that friction force can aid magnetic holding to overcome peristalsis. The proposed design efficiently detected acid and nonacid reflux. More research regarding the holding method and capsule packaging are necessary to optimize the mechanical performance of the proposed design in order to facilitate clinical testing on human subjects.