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Identification and characterization of etomidate and metomidate metabolites in zebrafish, HLMs and S9 fraction by quadrupole-orbitrap LC-MS/MS for drug control.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
January 2025
Food and Drug Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing, China. Electronic address:
Etomidate is a common non-barbiturate anesthetic with psychoactivity, and metomidate, a structural modifier of etomidate, also has the same psychoactive effect, and the abuse of both has gradually intensified. In this study, etomidate, metomidate and their metabolic profiles with 4 days postfertilization (4dpf) zebrafish, 4 months postfertilization (4mpf) zebrafish, human liver microsomes (HLMs) and human liver S9 fraction were investigated using Liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the first time. 14 etomidate metabolites and 11 metomidate metabolites were found, and the related metabolic pathways included monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation, O-dealkylation, oxidation, N-glucuronidation, O-glucuronidation and combination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReview of the Hazards and Contraindications of Etomidate.
Int J Toxicol
November 2024
Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hainan Provincial Tropical Forensic Engineering Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
Etomidate, an ultrashort-acting non-barbiturate sedative derived from imidazole, exerts potent inhibitory effects on the central nervous system. It is commonly employed for the induction of intravenous general anaesthesia or assisted anaesthesia. Recently, etomidate has emerged as an alternative to narcotics and novel psychoactive substances, leading to an increasing trend of abuse.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRapid and sensitive detection of etomidate based on functionalized copper nanoclusters fluorescent probe.
Forensic Sci Int
August 2024
Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:
Etomidate as a non-barbiturate sedative, has central inhibitory effect and addiction and has been listed as a controlled drug in some countries due to the abusing trend nowadays. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection of etomidate is of great significance. In this work, a novel fluorescent sensing probe (CuNCs@MIPs) based on copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been firstly reported.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe forgotten variable? Does the euthanasia method and sample storage condition influence an organisms transcriptome - a gene expression analysis on multiple tissues in pigs.
BMC Genomics
December 2023
Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
Background: Transcriptomic studies often require collection of fresh tissues post euthanasia. The chosen euthanasia method might have the potential to induce variations in gene expressions that are unlinked with the experimental design. The present study compared the suitability of 'nitrogen gas in foam' (ANOXIA) in comparison to a non-barbiturate anaesthetic, T-61® (T61), for euthanizing piglets used in transcriptome research.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEtomidate Depresses Spontaneous Complex Spikes Activity of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells via Cannabinoid 1 Receptor in vivo in Mice.
Pharmacology
September 2023
Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, China.
Introduction: Complex spikes (CSs) activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells plays critical roles in motor coordination and motor learning by transferring information to cerebellar cortex, which is an accessible and useful model for neurophysiological investigation. Etomidate is an ultrashort-acting nonbarbiturate intravenous anesthetic, which inhibits the spontaneous activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells through activation of GABAA and glycine receptors in vivo in mice. However, the effect of etomidate on the spontaneous CSs activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in living mouse is not clear.
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