Effects of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission reductions on fine particulate matter mass concentrations: regional comparisons.

Two thermodynamic equilibrium models were applied to estimate changes in mean airborne fine particle (PM2.5) mass concentrations that could result from changes in ambient concentrations of sulfate, nitric acid, or ammonia in the southeastern United States, the midwestern United States, and central California. Pronounced regional differences were found. Southeastern sites exhibited the lowest current mean concentrations of nitrate, and the smallest predicted responses of PM2.5 nitrate and mass concentrations to reductions of nitric acid, which is the principal reaction product of the oxidation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the primary gas-phase precursor of fine particulate nitrate. Weak responses of PM2.5 nitrate and mass concentrations to changes in nitric acid levels occurred even if sulfate concentrations were half of current levels. The midwestern sites showed higher levels of fine particulate nitrate, characterized by cold-season maxima, and were projected to show decreases in overall PM levels following decreases of either sulfate or nitric acid. For some midwestern sites, predicted PM2.5 nitrate concentrations increased as modeled sulfate levels declined, but sulfate reductions always reduced the predicted fine PM mass concentrations; PM2.5 nitrate concentrations became more sensitive to reductions of nitric acid as modeled sulfate concentrations were decreased. The California sites currently have the highest mean concentrations of fine PM nitrate and the lowest mean concentrations of fine PM sulfate. Both the estimated PM2.5 nitrate and fine mass concentrations decreased in response to modeled reductions of nitric acid at all California sites. The results indicate important regional differences in expected PM2.5 mass concentration responses to changes in sulfate and nitrate precursors. Analyses of ambient data, such as described here, can be a key part of weight of evidence (WOE) demonstrations for PM2.5 attainment plans. Acquisition of the data may require special sampling efforts, especially for PM2.5 precursor concentration data.