Direction-sensitive displacement measurements at diffraction-limited spatial resolution are demonstrated with an interferometric optical-feedback semiconductor laser confocal imaging system. Subwavelength axial movements of the reflecting sample, including the directions of motion, are detected within the depth of field. A comparison of theory and actual instrument performance is presented.
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Introduction: With the increasing use of aeromedical transport for critically ill patients, it is essential to understand the impact of pressure changes on drug infusion delivery systems. As airplanes ascend and descend, gases/bubbles are released from solutions when ambient pressure decreases and dissolves when pressure increases. This may affect mechanical fluid delivery systems and cause clinically significant changes, especially within a critical care setting.
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Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
Plant mechanical failure, known as lodging, has detrimental impacts on the quality and quantity of maize yields. Failure can occur at stalks (stalk lodging) or at roots (root lodging). While previous research has focused on proxy measures for stalk stiffness, stalk strength, and root strength, there is a need to quantify the root system stiffness, which quantifies the force-displacement relationship.
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Bioengineering (Basel)
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