Insecticidal resistance and cross-resistance in populations of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Europe.

Insecticide bioassays were used to investigate resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to insecticides with various types of active ingredients. The efficacy baselines of selected insect growth regulators (fenoxycarb), insect growth inhibitors (diflubenzuron and teflubenzuron), organophoshorous insecticides (phosalone), and neonicotinoids (thiacloprid) against the eggs and first and fifth instars of sensitive laboratory strains of codling moth were determined. According to concentration-mortality baseline, 50% lethality concentration values and 90% lethality concentration values were determined for all the tested insecticides. The lethal concentration ratio quantified the relation between the efficacy of selected insecticides against fifth instars found by topical application and against first instars found by diet-treated bioassay. No difference was detected when the efficacy of technical grade diflubenzuron diluted in tetrahydrofuran and diflubenzuron in the formulated product Dimilin 48 SC diluted in water was compared. However, just before the application of insecticide, the integument of larvae must be treated with acetone. Two bioassays were used to monitor the resistance of codling moths collected in 2003-2005 in two apple (Malus spp.) orchards with different intensities of chemical control. Resistance ratios (RRs) to the tested insecticides were determined for both field populations of codling moth. For the population of codling moth from a commercial apple orchard in Velké Bílovice, cross-resistance to fenoxycarb, teflubenzuron, and phosalone was detected after the topical application of insecticides to fifth instars. The population of codling moth from Prague-Ruzyne was slightly resistant to phosalone and teflubenzuron. No resistance to diflubenzuron was detected in either tested population.