Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important component of the insect immune system and is frequently used to measure an individual's immune defence ability. However, evidence documenting positive correlations between the immune assay and resistance against pathogens is scarce and contradictory. We used replicate lines of yellow dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria (L.) with different PO levels to investigate whether PO levels affect resistance against parasitic mites and entomopathogenic fungi. Prevalence of flies exposed to pathogens was the same in all selection regimes, although pathogens clearly negatively affected fitness. PO measurements alone therefore do not necessarily predict overall resistance against pathogens. Furthermore, under starvation lines selected for high PO levels did not survive longer than those selected for low PO levels, irrespective of exposure to pathogens. This suggests that even if elevated immune levels increase an individual's ability to combat pathogens, the benefits may not outweigh the costs of increased investment in immunity.
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