System-size dependence of the free energy of crystalline solids.

We investigate the system-size dependence of the Helmholtz free energy of crystalline solids from computer simulation. We employ a standard thermodynamic integration technique along a reversible path that links the crystalline solid with a noninteracting Einstein crystal with the same structure. The key contribution to the free energy is computed by using the so-called expanded-ensemble technique and the results are compared with those obtained from conventional integration of the derivative of the free energy along the path using Gaussian-Legendre quadrature. We find that both methods yield fully consistent results. The free energy is found to exhibit a strong dependence with system size, in agreement with the behavior found by Polson et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5339 (2000)] but at variance with the dependence reported more recently by Chang and Sandler [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8390 (2003)]. This has been tested for the face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close-packed phases of a crystal of hard spheres at a density close to the melting point. We also investigate any possible dependence of the free energy of the solid phase with the shape of the simulation box. We find that this contribution may not be as important as previous investigations suggest. The present results seem to indicate that there is a non-negligible contribution to the free energy arising from the orientation of the closed-packed crystal layers with respect to the simulation cell. This contribution is particularly noticeable for small system sizes and is believed to be an effect of the periodic boundary conditions used in the simulations. The results presented here corroborate the stability of the fcc phase of the hard-sphere solid close to melting.