The human skin represents the first line of defense against potentially hazardous environmental threats (ie, infection by microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi). To fulfill this crucial function and to maintain the integrity of the skin compartment, evolution has equipped the human immune system with a variety of sophisticated tools leading to an efficient defense system of responses to various infectious challenges. The role of the skin within the different defense lines is multifaceted. The central role of the immune defense system is performed by the group of "pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors," among which the group of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has evolved as the central family during the last years. Ten TLRs are identified in humans, all of which share similarities in their structure and function, but respond to different microbial components.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2007.06.014 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Computational design of multi-epitope vaccine against Hepatitis C Virus infection using immunoinformatics techniques.
PLoS One
January 2025
Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a blood borne pathogen that affects around 200 million individuals worldwide. Immunizations against the Hepatitis C Virus are intended to enhance T-cell responses and have been identified as a crucial component of successful antiviral therapy. Nevertheless, attempts to mediate clinically relevant anti-HCV activity in people have mainly failed, despite the vaccines present satisfactory progress.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTLR4 Inhibition Attenuated LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Signaling and Cytokine Release in Mouse Hearts and Cardiomyocytes.
Immun Inflamm Dis
January 2025
Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Background: Sepsis is associated with myocardial injury and early mortality. The innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); the latter are released during tissue injury. We hypothesized that TLR4 inhibition reduces proinflammatory signaling and cytokine release in: (1) LPS or Escherichia coli-treated isolated mouse heart; (2) LPS-treated mouse primary adult cardiomyocytes; and (3) the isolated heart during ischemia-reperfusion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRNase T2 deficiency promotes TLR13-dependent replenishment of tissue-protective Kupffer cells.
J Exp Med
March 2025
Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan.
Lysosomal stress due to the accumulation of nucleic acids (NAs) activates endosomal TLRs in macrophages. Here, we show that lysosomal RNA stress, caused by the lack of RNase T2, induces macrophage accumulation in multiple organs such as the spleen and liver through TLR13 activation by microbiota-derived ribosomal RNAs. TLR13 triggered emergency myelopoiesis, increasing the number of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRNase T2 restricts TLR13-mediated autoinflammation in vivo.
J Exp Med
March 2025
Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
RNA-sensing TLRs are strategically positioned in the endolysosome to detect incoming nonself RNA. RNase T2 plays a critical role in processing long, structured RNA into short oligoribonucleotides that engage TLR7 or TLR8. In addition to its positive regulatory role, RNase T2 also restricts RNA recognition through unknown mechanisms, as patients deficient in RNase T2 suffer from neuroinflammation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegulating Immune Responses Induced by PEGylated Messenger RNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine.
Vaccines (Basel)
December 2024
Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics have shown remarkable progress in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown great successes in delivering mRNAs. After an mRNA-LNP vaccine enters a cell via an endosome, mRNA is translated into an antigen, which can activate adaptive immunity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!