Environment-dependent genetic correlations between development time and body mass in a scorpionfly.

Development time and body mass at maturation are two important fitness traits fundamental for our understanding of life history theory. Generally, fast development is associated with small adult body mass, as it will take longer to grow large. However, the strength of this trade-off may depend on average food availability, as the potential benefit of long development will depend on the rate of food intake. Here, I report results of a food manipulation experiment during larval development of the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata (Insecta, Mecoptera). Development time showed considerable genetic variation, yet food level had no influence and there was a strong genetic correlation in development time across environments. As expected, larval and adult body weight was significantly affected by food availability. Furthermore, body mass was influenced by a highly significant genotype-by-environment interaction. The reaction norm for body mass in response to food treatment was much stronger in families with long development time compared with rapidly developing genotypes. This effect was accompanied by a shift in the genetic correlation between development time and body size when comparing the two food levels. Specifically, the genetic correlation between body mass and development time changed from being positive at high food levels to a negative genetic correlation at low food levels. These results are consistent with other empirical findings demonstrating a similar shift in genetic correlations between body mass and development time when comparing favourable and unfavourable environmental conditions.