The promise of stem cell therapy for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence is that transplanted stem cells may undergo self-renewal and potential multipotent differentiation, leading to urethral sphincter regeneration. Cell-based therapies are most often associated with the use of autologous multipotent stem cells, such as bone marrow cells. However, harvesting bone marrow stromal stem cells is difficult, painful, and may yield low numbers of stem cells. Alternatively, autologous adult stem cells, such as muscle-derived stem cells, can be obtained in large quantities and with minimal discomfort. Not all cells and cellular therapies are the same, however, and proper placement of cells into target structures may be critical to eventual treatment success. In particular, restoration and repair of the damaged urethral sphincter is crucial to maintain urinary continence because active urethral closure is largely mediated by pudendal nerves that innervate the striated muscles and rhabdosphincter of the middle urethra.
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