People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associative versus rule-based processes. Implicit knowledge includes adult folk theories, conditions of personhood, self-knowledge to simulate others, and cultural and social class differences. Implicit theories concern Bayesian networks, recent attribution research, and questions about the utility of the disposition-situation dichotomy. Developmental research provides new insights. Spontaneous social inferences include a growing array of phenomena, but they have been insufficiently linked to other phenomena and theories. We hope the links suggested in this review begin to remedy this.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093707 | DOI Listing |
Cureus
December 2024
Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, JPN.
Objective We aimed to highlight problems faced by parents of infants diagnosed with hearing impairment upon newborn hearing screening (NHS) and to suggest how support might be improved. Methods We distributed a questionnaire to explore difficulties encountered by parents when seeking support, whether they were satisfied with the support, and their unmet needs. We enrolled 101 parents of infants with hearing impairments diagnosed upon NHS (hearing levels: 7.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Cogn Psychother
January 2025
Faculty of Letters, Departments of Atatürk, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
This study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the Pathogenic Belief Scale (PBS) on adult individuals. Participants consisted of 299 adults, including 189 (63.2%) females and 110 (36.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychol Rev
January 2025
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.
The theory of mind (ToM) hypothesis of autism is the idea that difficulties inferring the mental states of others may explain social communication difficulties in autism. In the present article, we critically evaluate existing theoretical accounts, concluding that none provides a sufficient explanation of ToM in autism. We then evaluate existing tests of ToM, identifying problems that limit the validity of the conclusions that may be drawn from them.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPublic Health Nutr
January 2025
Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Objective: This systematic review investigates the characteristics, effectiveness, and acceptability of interventions to encourage healthier eating in small, independent restaurants and takeaways.
Design: We searched five databases (CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index & Social Science Citation Index) in June 2022. Eligible studies had to measure changes in sales, availability, nutritional quality, portion sizes, or dietary intake of interventions targeting customer behaviour or restaurant environments.
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