Low oxygen (O2) levels are a naturally occurring feature of embryonic development, adult physiology, and diseases such as those of the cardiovascular system. Although many responses to O2 deprivation are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), researchers are finding a growing number of HIF-independent pathways that promote O2 conformance and hypoxia tolerance. Here, we describe HIF-independent responses and how they impact cardiovascular tissue homeostasis.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871679 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100526 | DOI Listing |
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