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The extinct marsupial thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) and placental grey wolf (Canis lupus) are commonly presented as an iconic example of convergence. However, various analyses suggest distinctly different behaviours and specialization towards either relatively small or large prey in the thylacine, bringing the degree of apparent convergence into question. Here we apply a powerful engineering tool, three-dimensional finite element analysis incorporating multiple material properties for bone, to examine mechanical similarity and niche overlap in the thylacine and the wolf subspecies implicated in its extinction from mainland Australia, Canis lupus dingo. Comparisons of stress distributions not only reveal considerable similarity, but also informative differences. The thylacine's mandible performs relatively poorly where only the actions of the jaw muscles are considered, although this must be considered in the light of relatively high bite forces. Stresses are high in the posterior of the thylacine's cranium under loads that simulate struggling prey. We conclude that relative prey size may have been comparable where both species acted as solitary predators, but that the dingo is better adapted to withstand the high extrinsic loads likely to accompany social hunting of relatively large prey. It is probable that there was considerable ecological overlap. As a large mammalian hypercarnivore adapted to taking small-medium sized prey, the thylacine may have been particularly vulnerable to disturbance.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288692 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0906 | DOI Listing |
iScience
December 2024
Center for Ecosystem Design and fuTuRE EcoSystems Lab (TREES), Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
Blue carbon ecotones (BCEs) play a critical role in regulating abiotic and biotic ecological fluxes underpinning services which are also crucial for the protection of the land-ocean function. Here, we proposed a Benefit-Pressure-Transformation Risk model (BPT) to calculate the Ecosystem Health Index (EHI) for mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass as core BCEs globally (at a resolution of 1° × 1 °lat-long), based on habitat structure, species morphological features and vulnerability, niche overlap, nature and human pressures, and ecosystem services. Our assessments identify that around 20% of BCEs as vulnerable globally.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeisseria meningitidis is a common commensal bacterium of the nasopharynx that can cause invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). In comparison, N. gonorrhoeae is always a pathogen usually limited to mucosal sites.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100035, China.
Invasive alien plants pose a significant threat to biodiversity and the agricultural economy. The invasive weed (Ammannia coccinea) competes with rice in paddy fields, potentially threatening rice production. Despite the crucial need to estimate the global geographical distribution and ecological niche dynamics of A.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
December 2024
Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing, Beijing, China.
Understanding of predator feeding ecology, interactions among co-occurring predator species, and seasonal changes is critical for conservation management given the important role that predators play in shaping their ecosystems, but is lacking for most regions of the world. Dietary studies have demonstrated varying conclusions in the role that resource partitioning plays in the maintenance of predator communities due to complex inter-related factors that may shape prey use. We used DNA metabarcoding on 581 scat samples to determine the dietary composition, similarity, diversity, and niche overlap of eight predator species (Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata), red fox (V.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
This study was carried out to investigate the feeding behavior of Sardinian deer roaming within a site of community interest (SCI, ITB042250), on Sardinian Island (39° 51' N 8° 45' E). Crop fields bordering the natural environment (wood forest and Mediterranean macchia, where the reserve of Sardinian deer partly overlaps) were monitored and turned into a living lab. The interest on wildlife-related crop damage poses a significant economic challenge, while anthropogenic pressures, such as urbanization and agricultural practices, increasingly impact wildlife by limiting habitat, feeding source diversity and access, and space distribution.
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