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Monarch butterflies in North America migrate south each autumn, but the mechanisms that initiate their migratory flight remain incompletely understood. We investigated environmental, developmental, and genetic factors that contribute to directional flight by testing summer and autumn-generation monarchs in three flight simulators: two at ground level (with and without wind blockage) and a novel balloon-based system that raised butterflies 30 meters into the air. Monarchs reared under autumn-like conditions in a growth chamber during the summer were also tested to explore the influence of developmental cues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExtensive transcriptional differentiation and specialization of a single-host parasite aligns with niche turnover generated by its host's metamorphosis.
Int J Parasitol
January 2025
Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE #2006, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Foundational theory on life cycle evolution suggests that given genetic independence, the phenotypes presented by different life stages will diverge more when they occupy more distinct niches. When divergence between stages is significant and punctual, we typically consider the life cycle complex. In parasites, the delineation between simple and complex life cycles is usually made between those that utilize single and multiple host species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFirst Report of Causing Leaf Spot on in a greenhouse in New York State, U.S.A.
Plant Dis
January 2025
USDA-ARS , Ithaca, United States.
Article Synopsis
- The Chinese hibiscus is a popular decorative and medicinal plant, but it is vulnerable to various bacterial infections.
- In March 2019, a bacterial isolate named "Hibiscus 35-1" was identified from affected hibiscus plants in a New York greenhouse, showing leaf spots and chlorosis after being moved from Florida.
- Experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of "Hibiscus 35-1," causing symptoms in inoculated hibiscus plants while control plants showed no symptoms, highlighting the significance of bacterial pathogens in ornamental horticulture.
Essential and nonessential fatty acid composition and use in overwintering monarch butterflies.
J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol
December 2024
WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station GmbH, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, A-3293, Austria.
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) undertake one of the most remarkable long-distance insect migrations, travelling thousands of kilometres to overwinter in the central trans-volcanic belt of Mexico. This study explored how monarch butterflies use essential fatty acids (EFA) and nonessential fatty acids (NFA) during overwintering. We collected 150 (male/female) butterflies from the Sierra Chincua wintering colony from the time of arrival (December 2022) to before departure (February 2023) and analysed their lipid content.
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