A theory for focused optical beams at planar structures is described. It is an extension of a previous theory based on summation of plane waves. The focused beam is obtained by an imaginary shift in the position vector of the plane waves. It is well suited for calculations of electromagnetic fields at planar surface plasmon resonance structures excited by a focused optical beam.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002513 | DOI Listing |
J Imaging Inform Med
January 2025
College of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
This study explores a transfer learning approach with vision transformers (ViTs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classifying retinal diseases, specifically diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts, from ophthalmoscopy images. Using a balanced subset of 4217 images and ophthalmology-specific pretrained ViT backbones, this method demonstrates significant improvements in classification accuracy, offering potential for broader applications in medical imaging. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataracts are common eye diseases that can cause vision loss if not treated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Data
January 2025
School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
The question of what processes can take place without conscious awareness has generated extensive research. Yet there is still no consensus regarding the extent and scope of unconscious processing, and past research abounds with conflicting results. A possible reason for this lack of consensus is the diversity of methods in the field, as the methodological choices might influence the results.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Assessing cognitive load using pupillography frequency features presents a persistent challenge due to the lack of consensus on optimal frequency limits. This study aims to address this challenge by exploring pupillography frequency bands and seeking clarity in defining the most effective ranges for cognitive load assessment. From a controlled experiment involving 21 programmers performing software bug inspection, our study pinpoints the optimal low-frequency (0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Top Dev Biol
January 2025
Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States. Electronic address:
All-trans RA (ATRA) is a small molecule derived from retinol (vitamin A) that directly controls gene expression at the transcriptional level by serving as a ligand for nuclear ATRA receptors. ATRA is produced by ATRA-generating enzymes that convert retinol to retinaldehyde (retinol dehydrogenase; RDH10) followed by conversion of retinaldehyde to ATRA (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase; ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, or ALDH1A3). Determining what ATRA normally does during vertebrate development has been challenging as studies employing ATRA gain-of-function (RA treatment) often do not agree with genetic loss-of-function studies that remove ATRA via knockouts of ATRA-generating enzymes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) defines a collection of congenital eye disorders that affect structures within the anterior segment of the eye. Mutations in genes that initiate and regulate the complex pathways involved in eye development can cause a spectrum of disorders such as ASD, congenital cataracts and corneal opacity. In South Africa, causes of ASD are poorly understood with few studies looking at the possible genetic basis for these disorders.
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