The solid state and lyotropic phase behavior of 10 new nonionic urea-based surfactants has been characterized. The strong homo-urea interaction, which can prevent urea surfactants from forming lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, has been ameliorated through the use of isoprenoid hydrocarbon tails such as phytanyl (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecyl) and hexahydrofarnesyl (3,7,11-trimethyl-dodecyl) or the oleyl chain (cis-octadec-9-enyl). Additionally, the urea head group was modified by attaching either a hydroxy alkyl (short chain alcohol) moiety to one of the nitrogens of the urea or by effectively "doubling" the urea head group by replacing it with a biuret head group. The solid state phase behavior, including the liquid crystal-isotropic liquid, polymorphic, and glass transitions, is interpreted in terms of molecular geometries and probable hydrogen-bonding interactions. Four of the modified urea surfactants displayed ordered lyotropic liquid crystalline phases that were stable in excess water at both room and physiological temperatures, namely, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-oleyl urea (oleyl 1,1-HEU) with a 1D lamellar phase (Lalpha), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-phytanyl urea (Phyt 1,3-HEU) with a 2D inverse hexagonal phase (HII), and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phytanyl urea (Phyt 1,1-HEU) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-hexahydrofarnesyl urea (Hfarn 1,3-HEU) with a 3D bicontinuous cubic phase (QII). Phyt 1,1-HEU exhibited rich mesomorphism (QII1, QII2, Lalpha, LU, and HII), as did one other surfactant, oleyl 1,3-HEU (QII1, QII2, Lalpha, LU, and HII), in the study group. LU is an unusual phase which is mobile and isotropic but possesses shear birefringence, and has been very tentatively assigned as an inverse sponge phase. Three other surfactants exhibited a single lyotropic liquid crystalline phase, either Lalpha or HII, at temperatures >50 degrees C. The 10 new surfactants are compared with other recently reported nonionic urea surfactants. Structure-property correlations are examined for this novel group of self-assembling amphiphiles.
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