Delivering genes to the organ-localized immune system: long-term results of direct intramarrow transduction.

We studied the distribution of transgene-expressing cells after direct gene transfer into the bone marrow (BM). Rats received direct injection into the femoral BM of SV(Nef-FLAG), a Tag-deleted recombinant SV40 carrying a marker gene (FLAG epitope). Controls received an unrelated rSV40 or saline. Blood cells (5%) and femoral marrow cells (25%) expressed FLAG throughout. FLAG expression was assessed in different organs at 1, 4 and 16 months. FLAG+ macrophages were seen throughout the body, and were prominent in the spleen. FLAG+ cells were common in pulmonary alveoli. The former included alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes. These cells were not detected at 1 month, occasional at 4 months and common at 16 months after intramarrow injection. Rare liver cells were positive for both FLAG and ferritin, indicating that some hepatocytes also expressed this BM-delivered transgene. Control animals were negative. Thus: (a) fixed tissue phagocytes may be accessible to gene delivery by intramarrow transduction of their progenitors; (b) transduced BM-resident cells or their derivatives may migrate to other organs (lungs) and may differentiate into epithelial cells; and (c) intramarrow injection of rSV40s does not detectably transduce parenchymal cells of other organs.