Impact of antiretroviral treatment on gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SIVmac251-infected macaques.

Background: A survey of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cynomolgus macaques infected with SIVmac251 was conducted to ascertain the impact of viral infection and successful antiretroviral (ARV) intervention on gene transcription at peak seroconversion, viral set point, and after treatment with 9-R 2 phosphonomethoxypropyl adenine and beta -2'3' dideoxy-3'-thia-5 fluorocytidine.

Methods: Robust multichip average-normalized data sets generated on Affymetrix GeneChips were analyzed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), to determine differential gene expression. Unsupervised learning algorithms and gene-ontology tools were used to elucidate hierarchical relationships and to define the function of significantly enriched biological categories of differentially regulated genes. Gene networks associated with immune response and inflammation impacted by ARV treatment were derived by use of Pathway Architect software.

Results: Viral infection results in down-regulation of gene expression, which is greatest by the viral set point. Of the 3647 genes down-regulated at the viral set point, 1033 were up-regulated as the result of successful ARV treatment. There is significant overlap in the identity of these genes.

Conclusions: Intervention with successful ARV treatment in macaques infected with SIVmac251 results in the partial reversal of the down-regulated gene expression characteristic of early viral infection.