Proteomics of S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine-induced acute renal failure and autoprotection in mice.

Previous studies (Vaidya VS, Shankar K, Lock EA, Bucci TJ, Mehendale HM. Toxicol Sci 74: 215-227, 2003; Korrapati MC, Lock EA, Mehendale HM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289: F175-F185, 2005; Korrapati MC, Chilakapati J, Lock EA, Latendresse JR, Warbritton A, Mehendale HM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F439-F455, 2006) demonstrated that renal repair stimulated by a low dose of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)l-cysteine (DCVC; 15 mg/kg i.p.) 72 h before administration of a normally lethal dose (75 mg/kg i.p.) protects mice from acute renal failure (ARF) and death (autoprotection). The present study identified the proteins indicative of DCVC-induced ARF and autoprotection in male Swiss Webster mice. Renal dysfunction and injury were assessed by plasma creatinine and histopathology, respectively. Whole-kidney homogenates were run on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gels, and the expression of 18 common proteins was maximally changed (> or =10-fold) in all the treatment groups and they were conclusively identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. These proteins were mildly downregulated after low dose alone and in autoprotected mice in contrast to severe downregulation with high dose alone. Glucose-regulated protein 75 and proteasome alpha-subunit type 1 were further investigated by immunohistochemistry for their localization in the kidneys of all the groups. These proteins were substantially higher in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells in the low-dose and autoprotected groups compared with high-dose alone group. Proteins involved in energetics were downregulated in all the three groups of mice, leading to a compromise in cellular energy. However, energy is recovered completely in low-dose and autoprotected mice. This study provides the first report on proteomics of DCVC-induced ARF and autoprotection in mice and reflects the application of proteomics in mechanistic studies as well as biomarker development in a variety of toxicological paradigms.