We report that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta is phosphorylated at ser9 and inactivated in uterine epithelial cells from E(2)-treated cyclin D1 null mutant mice. Simultaneous administration of P(4) together with E(2) blocked this effect. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3beta activity in mice treated with P(4)E(2) reversed the nuclear exclusion of cyclin D2 in the uterine epithelial cells and this caused phosphorylation of Rb protein and progression of cells towards S-phase. Our results indicate that GSK-3beta is a major target of E(2) and P(4) in regulation of cyclin D2 localization in the mouse uterine epithelium.
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