Hepatitis C virus infection and rituximab therapy after renal transplantation.

Background: Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been successfully given in various diseases including HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. However, only preliminary data exists on its efficacy and safety after renal transplantation.

Methods: We report on a renal transplant recipient with chronic hepatitis C who received rituximab therapy for gastric cancer. Four rituximab infusions of 375 mg/m(2) were given.

Results: Rituximab therapy was complicated by cholestatic hepatitis C with very high HCV RNA levels; liver insufficiency occurred. The patient developed bacterial pneumoniae and respiratory insufficiency was the cause of death. Although other mechanisms cannot be excluded, we found that rituximab therapy was implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic hepatitis C in our patient.

Conclusions: We suggest that rituximab therapy may be associated with significant side effects. More experience has to be accumulated before any conclusions on efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy after RT can be drawn.