AI Article Synopsis

  • Anthrax infections cause severe hypotensive shock, and the study investigates the direct cardiovascular effects of two anthrax toxins: lethal toxin (LeTx) and edema toxin (EdTx).
  • Experiments on rats revealed that while both toxins induced hypotension, LeTx led to reduced left ventricular systolic function and EdTx increased heart rate without affecting systolic function.
  • The findings highlight how quickly toxins can affect biological processes and suggest potential avenues for developing treatments to improve outcomes in systemic anthrax infections.

Article Abstract

Anthrax infections are frequently associated with severe and often irreversible hypotensive shock. The isolated toxic proteins of Bacillus anthracis produce a non-cytokine-mediated hypotension in rats by unknown mechanisms. These observations suggest the anthrax toxins have direct cardiovascular effects. Here, we characterize these effects. As a first step, we administered systemically anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) and edema toxin (EdTx) to cohorts of three to twelve rats at different doses and determined the time of onset, degree of hypotension and mortality. We measured serum concentrations of the protective antigen (PA) toxin component at various time points after infusion. Peak serum levels of PA were in the microg/mL range with half-lives of 10-20 minutes. With doses that produced hypotension with delayed lethality, we then gave bolus intravenous infusions of toxins to groups of four to six instrumented rats and continuously monitored blood pressure by telemetry. Finally, the same doses used in the telemetry experiments were given to additional groups of four rats, and echocardiography was performed pretreatment and one, two, three and twenty-four hours post-treatment. LeTx and EdTx each produced hypotension. We observed a doubling of the velocity of propagation and 20% increases in left ventricular diastolic and systolic areas in LeTx-treated rats, but not in EdTx-treated rats. EdTx-but not LeTx-treated rats showed a significant increase in heart rate. These results indicate that LeTx reduced left ventricular systolic function and EdTx reduced preload. Uptake of toxins occurs readily into tissues with biological effects occurring within minutes to hours of serum toxin concentrations in the microg/mL range. LeTx and EdTx yield an irreversible shock with subsequent death. These findings should provide a basis for the rational design of drug interventions to reduce the dismal prognosis of systemic anthrax infections.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867860PMC
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000466PLOS

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