Systemic injection of the cholecystokinin type 2 (CCK(2)) receptor agonist CCK-4 evokes panic attacks in humans and facilitates the expression of a panic-related defensive behavior, escape, in rats. Given the prominent role attributed to the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) in the pathophysiology of panic, this midbrain area has been assumed to be one of the key regions mediating these effects of CCK-4. However, only a few studies have directly investigated the role of dPAG CCK(2) receptors in the regulation of panic-related behaviors. Even more disappointingly, the results of these investigations have been far from conclusive. In the present study we further addressed this issue by evaluating the effect of the intra-dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) injection of CCK-4 on two panic-related defensive behaviors, freezing and escape, evoked in male Wistar rats by the electrical stimulation of the dlPAG. The effects of CCK-4 (0.005-0.5 microg/0.2 microl) were compared to those caused by the local microinjection of the CCK(2) receptor antagonist LY225910 (0.001-1.0 microg/0.2 microl). The results showed that whereas CCK-4 facilitated the expression of both freezing and escape behaviors, LY225910 had the opposite effect. Pretreatment with an ineffective dose of LY225910 prevented the panicogenic-like effect of CCK-4. These results strengthen the view that CCK(2) receptors located in the dlPAG are involved in the regulation of panic-related behaviors and may mediate the effect of CCK-4 on panic.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.038 | DOI Listing |
J Fish Biol
January 2025
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) & Université de Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France.
Escape waves in animal groups, such as bird flocks and fish schools, have attracted a lot of attention, as they provide the opportunity to better understand how information can efficiently propagate in moving groups, and how individuals can coordinate their actions under the threat of predators. There is a lack of appropriate experimental protocols to study escape waves in highly social fish, in which the number of individuals initiating the escape and the identity of the initiators are controlled. Indeed, highly social fish or obligate schoolers have a tendency to not respond well or to freeze when tested in experimental setups designed for single individuals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Control Release
January 2025
Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CBM, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France. Electronic address:
The development of lipid-based mRNA delivery systems has significantly facilitated recent advances in mRNA-based therapeutics. Liposomes, as the pioneering class of mRNA vectors, continue to lead in clinical trials. We previously developed a histidylated liposome that demonstrated efficient nucleic acid delivery.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Plant Sci
December 2024
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy.
The changing climate could expand northwards in Europe the autumn sowing of cool-season grain legumes to take advantage of milder winters and to escape the increasing risk of terminal drought. Greater frost tolerance is a key breeding target because sudden frosts following mild-temperature periods may produce high winter mortality of insufficiently acclimated plants. The increasing year-to-year climate variation hinders the field-based selection for frost tolerance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElife
December 2024
Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States.
Defensive behavior changes based on threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure, and learning about danger-predicting stimuli is critical for survival. However, most Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms focus only on freezing behavior, obscuring the contributions of associative and non-associative mechanisms to dynamic defensive responses. To thoroughly investigate defensive ethograms, we subjected male and female adult C57BL/6 J mice to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm that paired footshock with a serial compound stimulus (SCS) consisting of distinct tone and white noise (WN) stimulus periods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Pharmacol
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China. Electronic address:
Background: Ellagic acid (EA) serves as a pivotal coenzyme for various dehydrogenases, influencing diverse biological processes. Recognized for its potential in impeding disease progression, EA's effectiveness and mechanism in treating 5xFAD remain elusive.
Aim Of The Study: This study aims to investigate EA's potential roles and underlying mechanisms in mitigating symptoms associated with 5xFAD.
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