Biventricular pacing for the treatment of congestive heart failure is now one of the forefront therapies for symptomatic heart failure patients who are receiving maximal medical therapy. Recent advances in lead technology and delivery systems have improved the success rates of left ventricular (LV) lead implantation. A major difficulty in LV lead implantation, however, occurs in patients with coronary vein stenoses, insufficient coronary vein caliber, or significant variations in coronary venous anatomy, in terms of left ventricular lead implantation. We sought to examine whether cardiac vein angioplasty and/or stenting would allow for the proper placement of the LV lead in these patients.
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