Data analysis techniques are reviewed and extended for the measurement of the Stokes vector of partially or completely polarized radiation by the rotating quarter-wave method. It is shown that the conventional technique, based on the Fourier analysis of the recorded signal, can be efficiently replaced by a weighted least-squares best fit, so that the different accuracy of the measured data can be taken into account to calculate the measurement errors of the Stokes vector elements. Measurement errors for the polarization index P and for the azimuth and ellipticity angles psi and chi of the radiation are also calculated by propagation error theory. For those cases in which the above technique gives a nonphysical Stokes vector (i.e., with a polarization degree of P>1) a constrained least-squares best fit is introduced, and it is shown that in this way a Stokes vector with P = 1 (rather than P
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Optical polarization is three-dimensional (3-D). Its complete information is described by the nine-component generalized Stokes vector (GSV). However, existing Stokes polarimetry and its design theory are primarily based on the paraxial four-component Stokes vector and 4 × 4 Mueller matrices.
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