Uptake of nickel from 316L stainless steel into contacting osteoblastic cells and metal ion interference with BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase.

Bone cells contacting nickel (Ni)-containing implant materials may be affected by Ni species via disturbed signaling pathways involved in bone cell development. Here we analyze effects of the Ni-containing steel 316L and major metal constituents thereof on bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of MC3T3-E1 cells. While cells grew normally on 316L, cellular Ni content increased 10-fold vs. control within 4 days. With respect to the major components of 316L, Ni2+ (3-50 microM) was most inhibitory to BMP-2-induced ALP, whereas even 50 microM Fe3+, Cr3+, Mo5+, or Mn2+ had no such effect. In line with this, BMP-2-induced ALP was significantly reduced in cells on 316L. This effect was not prevented by the metal ion chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Instead, DTPA abolished the stimulatory effect of BMP-2 on ALP, pointing to chelatable metal ions involved. Zn2+, as one possible candidate, antagonized the Ni2+ inhibition of BMP-2-induced ALP in both MC3T3-E1 and human bone marrow stromal cells. Results show that cells contacting 316L steel are exposed to increased concentrations of Ni which suffice to impair BMP-2-induced ALP activity. Zn2+, as a competitor of this inhibition, may help to restore normal osteoblastic function and bone development under these conditions.