The paper deals with the ability of human olfaction to identify odours associated with thermal destruction of polymers. The investigations confirmed the ability of early detection of equipment overheating and subjective odour evaluation using the 5-point intensity scale and calculating the relation of odour intensity to the maximum admissible concentration of volatile chemical contaminants aboard piloted space vehicles. Emission of gases by polymers in electrical equipment starts with heating temperature rise to 100 degrees C. A new odour smelled by only some of humans due to individual perception signifies typically that emitted gases are below MAC for space vehicle. Odour sensed by everyone though not irritating signifies, as a rule, of chemical contamination above MAC but not contingency. Symptoms of irritation by products of thermal destruction of polymers signify contingency and require the use of personal protection equipment.
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Life Sci Space Res (Amst)
February 2025
China Astronaut Research and Training center, Beijing 100094, PR China.
In order to explore the management and treatment methods of solid waste in the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) of future lunar bases, during the 4-crew 180-day integrated experiment, the Solid Waste Management and Treatment System (SWMTS) was built, in which the treatment of recyclable solid waste such as inedible plant parts and human excrement was completed through a combination of biological aerobic composting and high-temperature oxidation. Basic data on the types and amounts of solid waste generated during the 4-crew 180-day experiment mission were obtained. There were six types of solid wastes, including the work support wastes, the household support wastes, the plant cultivation wastes, the plant-based wastes, and crew feces.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Total Environ
January 2025
Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States.
Odor emissions, primarily from anthropogenic activities like waste treatment and industrial processes, pose significant challenges in urban areas, particularly near water resource recovery facilities. While these emissions are generally not toxic, they can adversely affect community wellbeing and investment, prompting stricter regulations in some regions. For example, New York State's hydrogen sulfide guidelines are more stringent than federal standards.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioresour Technol
January 2025
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
The improvement of biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD) by biochar introduction has been demonstrated. However, the distribution of biochar in the digester and its effect on AD have been seldom explored. In this study, the distribution of biochar and their impact on AD were investigated in a 30 L semi-continuously operated bench-scale anaerobic digester.
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January 2025
Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Advanced Materials Institute, Shandong Engineering Research Centre of Municipal Sludge Disposal, Jinan 250014, China. Electronic address:
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) is considered a hazardous solid waste, traditionally disposed by solidified landfill methods. However, solidified landfills present challenges with leaching heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). To address this issue, this study examined two pretreatment methods for MSWIFA: sintering at 850℃ for 30 min and washing with three water baths (20 min each) at a 3:1 liquid-solid ratio.
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January 2025
Green Environmental Protection Industry Co., Ltd., Guiyang 551109, China.
Rice husk ash is a kind of biomass material. Its main component is silicon dioxide, with a content of up to 80%. It has high pozzolanic activity and can react with hydroxide in cement.
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