Parental smoking, closeness to parents, and youth smoking.

Objectives: To examine parent closeness and its effect in predicting youth smoking when 0, 1, or 2 parents smoked.

Methods: Youth and parent smoking, closeness to parents, family structure, and gender and ethnicity among middle (n=17,468) and high school (n=5457) students were measured using a questionnaire.

Results: Number of parents smoking incrementally moderated the protective effect of all 4 measures of parent closeness, in predicting youth smoking.

Conclusions: Addressing parent smoking and strengthening family relationships need significantly greater emphasis in interventions to further reduce youth smoking.