Introduction: Complications of VZV infection in the central nervous system are multiple. VZV-related myelitis is an uncommon complication of herpes zoster.
Observation: We report the case of a 55-year old man with intercostal herpes zoster who presented a subacute medullar syndrome. MRI demonstrated an extended cervico-thoracic medullar hyperintensity on the T2-weighted images. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed 100 leukocytes/mm3, 0.94 g/L protein, negative VZV PCR, elevated rate of anti-VZV IgG and no oligoclonal bands. Clinical, biological and radiological presentations were compatible with the diagnosis of VZV-related myelitis with three potential pathophysiological mechanisms: infectious, immune post-infectious, vascular. The course was partially favorable after a 3-day regimen of corticosteroid and 3 weeks of acyclovir infusions.
Discussion: Parainfectious myelitis is often the consequence of a viral infection with a post-infectious pathogenesis. Most often, the clinical outcome is good. In this case report, we highlight the VZV vascular tropism and its more severe outcome.
Conclusion: VZV-related myelitis should be diagnosed early. The combination of aciclovir and corticoids infusions seems to be beneficial.
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The Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), classified as a neurotropic member of the Herpesviridae family, exhibits a characteristic pathogenicity, predominantly inducing varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, during the initial infectious phase, and triggering the reactivation of herpes zoster, more commonly recognized as shingles, following its emergence from a latent state. The pathogenesis of VZV-associated neuroinflammation involves a complex interplay between viral replication within sensory ganglia and immune-mediated responses that contribute to tissue damage and dysfunction. Upon primary infection, VZV gains access to sensory ganglia, establishing latent infection within neurons.
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Neurol Sci
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Department of Clinical Neurology, C. Mondino IRCCS Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Objective: To describe clinical, MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) features of a varicella zoster virus (VZV) related meningo-encephalo-myelitis (MEM) without rash in an immunocompetent female.
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