The detoxifying function of cytochrome c to scavenge O2-* and H2O2 in mitochondria is confirmed experimentally. A model of respiratory chain operating with two electron-leak pathways mediated by cytochrome c is suggested to illustrate the controlling mechanism of ROS level in mitochondria. A concept of mitochondrial radical metabolism is suggested based on the two electron-leak pathways mediated by cytochrome c are metabolic routes of O2-*. Two portions of oxygen consumption can be found in mitochondria. The main portion of oxygen consumed in the electron transfer of respiratory chain is used in ATP synthesis, while a subordinate part of oxygen consumed by the leaked electrons contributes to ROS generation. It is found that the amount of electron leak of respiratory chain is not fixed, but varies with age and pathological states. The models of respiratory chain operating with two cytochrome c-mediated electron-leak pathways and a radical metabolism of mitochondria accompanied with energy metabolism are helpful to comprehend the pathological problems caused by oxygen toxicity.
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