More than 90% of women in developing countries and 50 to 90% of women in industrialized countries now initiate breast-feeding, a marked improvement from 25 y ago. The duration of breast-feeding has lengthened, but fewer than 35% of infants worldwide are still exclusively breast-fed at 4 mo of age. Considerable progress has also been made in combating infant malnutrition. In 1980, 47% of under-5-y-old children in developing countries were stunted. This percentage declined to 29% in 2005. Major advances in formula use and composition include the introduction of formulas tailored to the perceived needs of low-birth-weight infants and the development of fortifiers to overcome the nutritional deficits of human milk for the preterm infant. More recently, postdischarge formulas were introduced and are now being used widely, often in combination with breast-feeding. Formulas for term infants also have undergone a number of changes in the past 25 y to better reproduce the composition of human milk and/or the response of the breast-fed infant. The use of whey-predominant rather than casein-predominant formulas has increased, as has the use of iron-fortified formulas. Cow's milk is introduced into the infant's diet much later than 25 y ago. Despite the progress that has been made in promoting breast-feeding and in the quality of infant formulas, further improvements in the duration of breast-feeding and in the composition of infant formulas are needed.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.2.499S | DOI Listing |
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins
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Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
Research into the role of probiotics-often referred to as "living supplements"-in cancer therapy is still in its early stages, and uncertainties regarding their effectiveness remain. Relevantly, chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of probiotics have been determined. There is also substantial evidence supporting their potential in cancer treatment such as immunotherapy.
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Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
Novel strategies to disrupt tumor progression have emerged from studying the interactions between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions between tumor cells and TAMs underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression have not been fully elucidated. This study explored the molecular mechanism of the HSP27/IL-6 axis in OSCC chemoresistance, invasion, and migration.
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Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, 261000, China.
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State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Ningning Liu works in the field of fungal infection and cancer progression, with a particular focus on the mechanism of host-pathogen interaction. In this mSphere of influence article, he reflects on how papers entitled "The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL," by B. Aykut, S.
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Department of Philosophy, Georgetown University, Washington, USA.
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