Cord blood samples from 655 unselected neonates born to Saudi mothers at King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were analysed to determine the levels of gamma-globin chains in Saudis. The percentage of three types of gamma-chains of human fetal hemoglobin (A gamma T, G gamma and A gamma I) was obtained by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Although the majority of babies (631/655) had normal G gamma values in the range of 58-74%, there were only 69% with normal G gamma/A gamma ratio. The A gamma T chain or HbF Sardinia was present in 28% of the total neonates with a gene frequency of 0.160. The A gamma T values in this group ranged between 11-42%. Eight babies (1.2%) had G gamma levels 45% or less (mean 41 +/- 3%) and in 16 neonates (2.4%), G gamma values were highly elevated (mean 81.4 +/- 2.8%). The frequency of two G gamma-globin genes was 0.0061 and 0.0122, respectively, which is comparable with other ethnic or racial groups. The differences in G gamma to A gamma ratio in some Saudi babies could be due to an abnormal arrangement of gamma-globin genes of beta-globin gene cluster which is now being investigated.
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