Interventions after artificial insemination: conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone.

We hypothesized that increasing concentrations of progesterone (P4) after artificial insemination would increase fertility. Our objective was to assess changes in ovarian structures, incidence of ovulation, and change in serum P4 in response to GnRH, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or exogenous P4 (controlled internal drug release; CIDR insert) treatment beginning 4 to 9 d after artificial insemination (d 0) and again 7 d later (experiment 1). Blood was collected from 753 cows in 3 herds on d 0 and 7. Ovaries of 162 cows were scanned and mapped to confirm the presence of a corpus luteum (CL), and cows were assigned randomly to serve as controls (n = 41) or to receive a CIDR insert for 7 d (n = 41), 100 microg of GnRH (n = 40), or 3,300 IU of hCG (n = 40). More cows were induced to ovulate in response to GnRH (60%) and hCG (78%) compared with controls (2.4%). Compared with controls, cows treated with GnRH or hCG had more induced CL (d 7) and more total CL (d 7), but serum P4 was increased only in response to hCG. Largest follicle diameters on d 7 were less after GnRH and hCG, but total follicular volume on d 7 was reduced by GnRH, hCG, and CIDR, compared with that of controls. Volume of the original luteal structures was increased by hCG but tended to be reduced by CIDR and GnRH compared with luteal volume in controls. Total CL volume was increased by hCG, but reduced by CIDR, compared with CL volume of controls. Conception rates and pregnancy survival were assessed in response to the same treatments described in experiment 1: controls (n = 708), CIDR (n = 711), GnRH (n = 719), and hCG (n = 714). Tendencies for interactions of treatment x herd and treatment x lactation group were detected, but no 3-way interactions were found. Treatment with hCG increased conception rates in second-lactation cows. The CIDR tended to increase, and hCG increased, conception rates in 2 herds, whereas the CIDR decreased conception rates in 1 herd. Pregnancy survival was reduced by GnRH compared with that in controls. We concluded that GnRH and hCG effectively induced ovulation, and increased number of CL, but only increased serum P4 in hCG-treated cows. Further, treatment with the CIDR or hCG increased conception rates but only in some herds.