The aim of this statistical note, the sixth in the series, is to introduce the rationale of the test of hypothesis suitable for comparing the effect of two treatments in a randomized controlled clinical trial of superiority. The presentation takes advantage of the analogy with a criminal trial debate based upon circumstantial evidence in an Italian Court. The results of three randomized controlled clinical trials: ISIS-1, AIMS and RESTORE are introduced and proper ways for their interpretation are suggested.

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