Lipid droplet proteins of the PAT (perilipin, adipophilin, and TIP47) family regulate cellular neutral lipid stores. We have studied a new member of this family, PAT-1, and found that it is expressed in highly oxidative tissues. We refer to this protein as "OXPAT." Physiologic lipid loading of mouse liver by fasting enriches OXPAT in the lipid droplet tissue fraction. OXPAT resides on lipid droplets with the PAT protein adipophilin in primary cardiomyocytes. Ectopic expression of OXPAT promotes fatty acid-induced triacylglycerol accumulation, long-chain fatty acid oxidation, and mRNAs associated with oxidative metabolism. Consistent with these observations, OXPAT is induced in mouse adipose tissue, striated muscle, and liver by physiological (fasting), pathophysiological (insulin deficiency), pharmacological (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR] agonists), and genetic (muscle-specific PPARalpha overexpression) perturbations that increase fatty acid utilization. In humans with impaired glucose tolerance, PPARgamma agonist treatment induces adipose OXPAT mRNA. Further, adipose OXPAT mRNA negatively correlates with BMI in nondiabetic humans. Our collective data in cells, mice, and humans suggest that OXPAT is a marker for PPAR activation and fatty acid oxidation. OXPAT likely contributes to adaptive responses to the fatty acid burden that accompanies fasting, insulin deficiency, and overnutrition, responses that are defective in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)
January 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with morphological and functional impairment of the heart primarily due to lipid toxicity caused by increased fatty acid metabolism. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) have been implicated in the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver and skeletal muscles. However, their role in the heart in diabetes remains unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Prod Res
January 2025
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry LR17-ES08 (Natural Substances Team), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
The phytochemical profile of various plant species reveals that some compounds possess notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study we investigated for the first time, the antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH and TAC), total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents of Delile ex Godr flowers extracts (-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) as well as their antimicrobial activity. The results obtained showed that the methanol extract contained the highest content of total phenolics (346.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExp Physiol
January 2025
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
In health, the liver is a metabolically flexible organ that plays a key role in regulating systemic lipid and glucose concentrations. There is a constant flux of fatty acids (FAs) to the liver from multiple sources, including adipose tissue, dietary, endogenously synthesized from non-lipid precursors, intrahepatic lipid droplets and recycling of triglyceride-rich remnants. Within the liver, FAs are used for triglyceride synthesis, which can be oxidized, stored or secreted in very low-density lipoproteins into the systemic circulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
December 2024
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan.
: Laurocapram (Azone) attracted attention 40 years ago as a compound with the highest skin-penetration-enhancing effect at that time; however, its development was shelved due to strong skin irritation. We had already prepared and tested an ante-enhancer (IL-Azone), an ionic liquid (IL) with a similar structure to Azone, consisting of ε-caprolactam and myristic acid, as an enhancer candidate that maintains the high skin-penetration-enhancing effect of Azone with low skin irritation. In the present study, fatty acids with different carbon numbers (caprylic acid: C8, capric acid: C10, lauric acid: C12, myristic acid: C14, and oleic acid: C18:1) were selected and used with ε-caprolactam to prepare various IL-Azones in the search for a more effective IL-Azone.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlants (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Defatting dehulled hemp seeds is a crucial step prior to protein extraction. However, conventional methods rely on flammable solvents, posing significant health, safety, and environmental concerns. Additionally, hemp protein has poor extractability, challenging functionality, and flavor limitations, restricting its broader application in foods.
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