The intestinal absorption of carotenoids is thought to be mediated by the carotenoid assembly in mixed micelles, followed by its transfer into the enterocytes and subsequent secretion to the lymph as chylomicron particles. In the present study we investigated the effects of phospholipids and lysophospholipids with diverse fatty acyl moieties on the uptake of beta-carotene solubilized in mixed micelles by Caco-2 cells. Compared with phospholipid-free mixed micelles (NoPL), those containing long-chain PC inhibited beta-carotene uptake (16:0,18:1-PC approximately equal to 16:0,18:2-PC < 14:0,14:0-PC approximately equal to 16:0, 14:0-PC < 16:0,16:0-PC < NoPL). However, mixed micelles containing medium-chain PC enhanced beta-carotene uptake (NoPL < 8:0,8:0-PC < 12:0,12:0-PC < 10:0,10:0-PC), and short-chain PC did not affect the uptake. Among the lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) class, a marked increase of beta-carotene uptake by medium-to-long-chain LysoPC was observed (NoPL < 12:0-LysoPC < 14:0-LysoPC < 18:1-LysoPC < 16:0-LysoPC), although short-to-medium-chain LysoPC (6:0-LysoPC to 10:0-LysoPC) did not affect beta-carotene uptake. The long-chain 16:0,18:1-PC increased the beta-carotene efflux from cells and drastically changed the beta-carotene UV-visible absorbance spectrum, compared with those of NoPL micelles. The acyl moieties of long-chain PC may interact with the carotenoid in the micelle interior, shifting the beta-carotene partition toward the micellar phase. Medium-chain PC and long-chain LysoPC, which have nearly equivalent hydrophobicities, may enhance beta-carotene uptake through their interaction with the cell membrane.
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