The genome sequences of three duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) strains were determined. Comparative sequence analyses showed that they possessed a typical picornavirus genome organization apart from the unique possession of three in-tandem 2A genes. The 2A1 protein of DHV-1 is an aphthovirus-like 2A protein; the 2A2 protein is not related to any known picornavirus protein; the 2A3 protein is a human parechovirus-like 2A protein. Several other features were found to be unique to the DHV-1 genome when compared with other picornaviruses: (i) the 3' UTR of DHV-1 was composed of 314 nt, the largest among the picornaviruses; (ii) pair-wise amino acid sequence identities between polyprotein of DHV-1 and other picornaviruses are all less than 30%. The pair-wise amino acid sequence identities in the 3D region of DHV-1 with LV and HPeV-1 is only 38.6 and 36.6%, respectively, and less than 30% with all other picornaviruses; (iii) the DHV-1 capsid polypeptide VP0 is not proteolytically cleaved into VP4 and VP2; and (iv) phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of DHV-1 reveals a new picornavirus clade. It is therefore proposed that DHV-1 should be assigned to a new genus in the Picornaviridae.
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