Recent studies have shown that citrus limonoids have potential health benefits. However, information on the absorption and metabolism of limonoids in human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is limited. In the present study we have investigated the metabolism of limonin glucoside (LG), the predominant limonoid in citrus by four microorganisms (Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Candida albican) widely present in the human lower GI tract. LG and metabolites in the culture medium were purified using solid phase extraction and analyzed using HPLC using UV detection at 210nm. The identity of LG was further confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Significant metabolic activity of Escherichia coli and Candida albican on LG was observed. Several unidentified metabolites were also found in the medium. The results of the present study indicated that LG may be metabolized in the intestine by some microbes. Further studies are needed to establish the possible route of LG metabolism in the human system.
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