Accumulation of certain mono- and disaccharides in body fluids of ectotherms in autumn and winter suggests their protective role in adaptation to near-zero temperatures. In this context, the effect of seasonal temperature variation on the content of free reducing sugars was studied in freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The summer and autumn carbohydrate spectrum essentially featured high concentrations of fructose and glucose. After 2.5-month hypobiosis (4 degrees C), the concentration of fructose and glucose decreased 35 and 12 times, respectively. Maltose and other disaccharides (presumably cellobiose) undetectable in summer became detectable in autumn before hypobiosis started. The subsequent level of maltose increased to almost reach the sharply decreased glucose level and to exceed the fructose level after 2.5-month hypobiosis. The involvement of maltose in the mechanisms of L. stagnalis adaptation to near-zero temperatures as a membrane protectant is proposed.
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