Using the technique of microbial risk assessment, concentration limitations of pathogenic microorganisms for various reclaimed water uses are studied. The concentration limitations are: Escherichia coli 70 MPN/L, Salmonella 0.5 CFU/L, Shigella 0.1 CFU/100L, Hepatitis A virus 0.001 PFU/100L, Rotavirus 1.2 x 10(-3) PFU/100L, Poliovirus 0.07 PFU/100L, Coxsackie 0.04 PFU/100L, Echovirus 0.05 PFU/100L, Cryptosporidium 0.1 oocysts/100 L, Giardia lamblia 0.03 cysts/100 L.
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PLoS Pathog
January 2025
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Human adenovirus type 36 (HAdV-D36) has been putatively linked to obesity in animals and has been associated with obesity in humans in some but not all studies. Despite extensive epidemiological research there is limited information about its receptor profile. We investigated the receptor portfolio of HAdV-D36 using a combined structural biology and virology approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Dis
January 2025
Huainan Normal University, School of Bioengineering, Dongshan West Road, Huainan City, Huainan, China, 232038;
Manglietia decidua is an extremely endangered species, known for its limited population and a narrow distribution range restricted to China (Yu 1994). In October 2021, a leaf disease affecting the foliage of 3-year-old M. decidua was observed at the nursery garden of the Yichun Forestry Institute of Jiangxi Province (27°55'52.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS Pathog
January 2025
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
Virulent microbes produce proteins that interact with host cell targets to promote pathogenesis. For example, virulent bacterial pathogens have proteins called effectors that are typically enzymes and are secreted into host cells. To detect and respond to the activities of effectors, diverse phyla of host organisms evolved effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiscov Nano
January 2025
Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Some of the most crucial turning points in the treatment strategies for some major infectious diseases including AIDS, malaria, and TB, have been reached with the introduction of antimicrobials and vaccines. Drug resistance and poor effectiveness are key limitations that need to be overcome. Conventional liposomes have been explored as a delivery system for infectious diseases bioactives to treat infectious diseases to provide an efficient approach to maximize the therapeutic outcomes, drug stability, targetability, to reduce the side-effects of antimicrobials, and enhance vaccine performance where necessary.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hered
January 2025
Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile.
Mosquitoes from the Culex pipiens complex are found worldwide and have been the focus of numerous studies due to their role as vectors of human pathogens. We investigated the population genetic structure of Cx. pipiens s.
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