Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Ovulation and luteal formation in primates are associated with the sustained synthesis of progesterone. The observed high intrafollicular concentrations of progesterone during the periovulatory interval raise the possibility that this steroid serves as a precursor for mineralocorticoids. The aim of this study was to determine if mineralocorticoids are synthesized by the luteinizing macaque follicle during controlled ovarian stimulation cycles in which follicular fluid and granulosa cell aspirates were obtained before or after an ovulatory hCG bolus. Follicular fluid concentrations of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone increased within 3 h of an ovulatory hCG bolus. Their respective metabolites, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol, were not detectable before an ovulatory stimulus and increased starting at 6 h after hCG, while corticosterone and aldosterone were undetectable. Cortisol was present before and after hCG administration and had increased 2-fold at 24 h after an ovulatory stimulus. The expression of 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) mRNA increased within 3 h of hCG administration, while 11beta-hydroxylase-1 (CYP11B1) and 11beta-hydroxylase-2 (CYP11B2) mRNAs were not detectable. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (HSD11B1) mRNA had increased at 12 h after hCG administration, and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (HSD11B2) had decreased by 3 h after hCG administration. Mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA levels did not change following hCG administration, while glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels increased in response to an ovulatory stimulus. Treatment of granulosa cells with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone blocked hCG-induced progesterone synthesis in vitro. These data indicate that macaque granulosa cells can synthesize mineralocorticoids in response to an ovulatory stimulus and that the mineralocorticoid receptor plays a key role in steroid synthesis associated with luteinization of macaque granulosa cells.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.053470 | DOI Listing |
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