After 25 free-operant avoidance training sessions, a 1-min signal followed by a brief shock was presented on the average of once every 4 min. During the signal, the avoidance schedule was suspended (20 sessions). Response rates during the signal were markedly reduced. Shock rates during non-signalled periods increased. Fifteen additional sessions were given during which the signal was presented without shock. Response rates during signalled periods were greater than previously observed during signalled periods, indicating that signalled shock had suppressive control over a previously acquired avoidance response rate.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1970.14-331 | DOI Listing |
Neuropsychopharmacology
December 2024
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
Substance use disorders are defined by persistent drug consumption despite adverse consequences. Accordingly, we developed two fentanyl-vs-shock avoidance/escape choice procedures in which male and female rats responded under a fixed-ratio (FR)1:FR1 concurrent schedule of shock avoidance/escape and IV fentanyl under either mutually exclusive or non-exclusive choice conditions. Initial experiments using a discrete-trial procedure determined behavioral allocation between mutually exclusive shock avoidance/escape and different fentanyl doses (0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn
July 2024
Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge.
Our theory of positively reinforced free-operant behavior (Perez & Dickinson, 2020) assumes that responding is controlled by two systems. One system is sensitive to the correlation between response and reinforcement rates and controls goal-directed behavior, whereas a habitual system learns by reward prediction error. We present an extension of this theory to the aversive domain that explains why free-operant avoidance responding increases with both the experienced rate of negative reinforcement and the difference between this rate and that programmed by the avoidance schedule.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Psychophysiol
September 2022
Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) and Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
Excessive avoidance is a key feature of pathological anxiety. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the development of excessive avoidance are still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that excessive avoidance, especially in individuals with high Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is aimed at distress reduction via the enhancement of subjective perceived control in uncertain-threat environments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Psychol
November 2021
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
Procrastination involves an irrational putting off of engaging in a course of action, in spite of expecting to be worse off for the delay. I suggest that to understand the processes underlying procrastination one should examine its relation to several behavioral procedures that have been studied in humans and other animals. For example, in delay discounting, smaller rewards that come sooner are often preferred over larger rewards that come later.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Exp Anal Behav
January 2021
Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University.
We examined citations of Murray Sidman's publications in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior from the journal's inception in 1958 through May 2020. On average, he was cited 35.6 times per year.
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