The dietary recommendations made for carbohydrate intake by many organizations/agencies have changed over time. Early recommendations were based on the need to ensure dietary sufficiency and focused on meeting micronutrient intake requirements. Because carbohydrate-containing foods are a rich source of micronutrients, starches, grains, fruits, and vegetables became the foundation of dietary guidance, including the base of the US Department of Agriculture's Food Guide Pyramid. Dietary sufficiency recommendations were followed by recommendations to reduce cholesterol levels and the risk for cardiovascular disease; reduction in total fat (and hence saturated fat) predominated. Beginning in the 1970s, carbohydrates were recommended as the preferred substitute for fat by the American Heart Association and others to achieve the recommended successive reductions in total fat and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Additional research on fats and fatty acids found that monounsaturated fatty acids could serve as an alternative substitution for saturated fats, providing equivalent lowering of LDL-C without concomitant reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases in triglycerides witnessed when carbohydrates replace saturated fat. This research led to a sharper focus in the guidelines in the 1990s toward restricting saturated fat and liberalizing a range of intake of total fat. Higher-fat diets, still low in saturated fatty acids, became alternative strategies to lower-fat diets. As the population has become increasingly overweight and obese, the emergence of the metabolic syndrome and its associated disruptions in glucose and lipid metabolism has led to reconsiderations of the role of carbohydrate-containing foods in the American diet. Consequently, a review of the evidence for and against high-carbohydrate diets is important to put this controversy into perspective. The current dietary recommendations for carbohydrate intake are supported by the evidence.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000233384.97125.bd | DOI Listing |
Sleep Breath
January 2025
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) severity and fat, bone, and muscle indices.
Methods: This study included 102 patients with OSAHS and retrospectively reviewed their physical examination data. All patients underwent polysomnography, body composition analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography (CT) and blood test.
Arch Dermatol Res
January 2025
Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Morphea is a chronic inflammatory fibrosing disorder. Since fibrosis is the hallmark of both scars and morphea, our attention was raised for the possible use of Fractional Ablative CO lasers and microneedling as treatment modalities for morphea. To compare the efficacy and safety of Fractional Ablative CO lasers and microneedling in the treatment of morphea.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Anat
January 2025
Hannover Medical School, Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover, Germany.
Obesity, along with hypoxia, is known to be a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), which can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure. Both obesity and PH influence the autonomic nervous system (ANS), potentially aggravating changes in the right ventricle (RV). This study investigates the combined effects of obesity and hypoxia on the autonomic innervation of the RV in a mouse model.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Biotechnol
January 2025
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Purpose: To study the potential of a candidate probiotic strain belonging to the Enterococcus durans species in alleviating hypercholesterolemia and improving the microbial milieu of rat gut.
Methods: A previously isolated and characterized E. durans strain NPL 1334 was further screened in vitro for its bile salt hydrolyzation and cholesterol assimilation ability.
J Dairy Sci
January 2025
Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address:
The increased use of dairy fat in various applications is facilitated by its fractionation into hard and liquid fractions. Herein, the fractionation of bovine ghee and buffalo ghee was investigated, and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of milk fat fractions and 2 categories of infant formulas fat were quantified by using ultra-performance convergence chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPC-Q-TOF-MS) using carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the different samples was evaluated, and tocopherols content was also quantified.
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