Numerous investigations have been performed, focusing on the anesthetic toxicity such as hepatotoxity or nephrotoxicity, for more than 40 years. However, recent basic researche has demonstrated several beneficial effects of anesthetics, including organ protection against ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, and anesthetic preconditioning, as well as clarified mechanisms of acute and delayed cell death, and apoptosis. In this special issue, four experts have provided new relevant information concerning brain, heart, lung, and liver protection by anesthetics, respectively.
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